He had only seen her briefly when his visit to China coincided with Wong Ling’s visit. He recognized Wong Ling’s wife, Chun Shee, from a photo. Wong Ling’s Chinese witness was Liu Chung, marriage name Shung Nguen, who lived in San Francisco but visited The Dalles occasionally. In 1915 his son was five years old and was about to meet his father for the first time. Their son, Gwan Jing, was born one month after Wong Ling returned to the U.S. They were married on a market day, either the 18th or 22nd, 9th month, K.S. A woman named Ngan Ho arranged the marriage. Wong Ling married his second wife, Chun Shee, about four months after his first wife died. His brother’s family lived in their father’s house “on the big door side.” His son and his family were living “on the small door side” of Wong Ling’s house in China. 32 (1906) when she was about 36 years old. He and his brother, Wong Cheong, were partners in Chew Kee Company. He had been living in the United States about 32 years. 32* (1906) he left from Sumas, Washington and returned at Seattle. 15 (1889) he left and returned the next year via San Francisco. He was born in Ging Bui Village, Sun Wui district, China and had made two trips to China. Wong Ling testified that his marriage name was Hong Gwoon (or spelled Hong Quin). They all had known Wong Ling for 15 to 20 years. Schanne, a hardware and grocery merchant who had lived in The Dalles for 40 years and Edward Kurtz, Chief of Police, a resident of The Dalles since 1894. French, a banker, president of French & Company and long-time resident of The Dalles L. Wong Ling’s white witnesses were Edward H. Since it was not Immigration’s policy to have two identification documents for one person, the certificate of identity was sent to Seattle for cancellation. Bonham found that Wong Ling had been issued certificate of residence #43730 (issued in 1894 in Portland, Oregon) and certificate of identity #2562 (issued in Seattle in 1911). Bonham, Chinese Inspector, stated, “the case is either genuine or else has been concocted with greater cleverness and recited with far more guile than is usual with a case arising in a country town.”ĭuring questioning, Mr. Three white witnesses swore that Wong Ling was a merchant and met the mercantile status required by law by not engaging in prohibited manual labor. In November 1915, Wong Ling, alias Chew Kee, age 55, a merchant and member of the Chew Kee Co., 214 Front Street (formerly 130 Front Street), The Dalles, Oregon, submitted papers seeking admission into the United States for his wife and son. Wagwan Jamaica?” The clip of his opening was later sampled by DJs in dancehalls all over the island.“Affidavit photos of Wong Ling, Wong Gwan Jing and Chun Shee” 1915, Chinese Exclusion Act case files, RG 85, National Archives-Seattle, Chun Shee and Wong Gwan Jing case file, Portland, Box 31, Case 4263. Others, like British-Jamaican rapper and MC Tyrone “Big Narstie” Lindo in 2016, think that the use just shows the influence of Jamaican culture on London more generally. Even a generous Big Narstie admitted, though, that it annoys him when lads from “the country” used wagwan, since they couldn’t exactly claim to be part of the “ghetto culture.”įormer President Barack Obama delighted the Jamaican people when he greeted them during a 2015 speech at the University of the West Indies by saying, “Greetings, massive. The term was popularized in London with the arrival of Jamaican immigrants in the 1980–90s, associated with Jamaican diaspora street culture there. In some instances, it’s been picked up by white people, leading some to call the usage appropriation. Wat a gwaan twitter, #BLESSSED #MORNING TO #ONE AND #ALL WHEREVER ON THE GLOBE YOU ARE □□ #SELAH Jamaican English renders the greeting What’s going on? as Wat a gwaan? Wat a gwaan has sometimes been further reduced to wah gwan or wagwan in the Jamaican diaspora, especially in London.
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